How people fall into debt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How individuals fall into obligation - Essay Example In the contemporary age, the world has gotten perilously materialistic. Achievement is related with the accomplishment and ownership of material. Ownership of material brings about expense. The more the material, the more effective an individual is thought of, and the more cash gets spent. As a general rule, individuals will in general keep up a real existence standard that is much above what they can manage the cost of in their salary. Regardless of whether an individual doesn't esteem material, he should do that so as to conform to the standards, patterns and customs of the general public. This adjustment in mentality can be ascribed to the way that individuals will in general partner regard with realism. An individual having the most recent model of innovation of any kind is adulated and acknowledged. It is this recognition that man aches for, subsequently winds up overspending. Notwithstanding being materialistic, individuals in the current age have gotten progressively restless and narrow minded. What makes a difference the most is available. Past is gone, and future is inconspicuous. Individuals can not hold on to get more extravagant. Along these lines, they buy things or offices without having assets to make up for them. Numerous individuals obtain advances to develop homes. The most regularly utilized monetary establishments that fill the need are banks.

Chinese character Essay

Instruction in its general sense is a type of learning wherein the information, abilities, and propensities for a gathering of individuals are moved starting with one age then onto the next through educating, preparing, or investigate. Training oftentimes happens under the direction of others, however may likewise be autodidactic.[1] Any experience that formatively affects the way one thinks, feels, or acts might be viewed as instructive. There are three types of learning. formal instruction, casual training and non-formal training. Frameworks of tutoring include systematized educating and learning comparable to an educational program, which itself is built up as per a foreordained reason for the schools in the framework. Schools frameworks are once in a while additionally dependent on religions, giving them various educational programs. In formal training, an educational plan is the arrangement of courses and their substance offered at a school or college. The term preschool alludes to a school for youngsters who are not mature enough to go to kindergarten. It is a nursery school. Preschool instruction is significant in light of the fact that it can give a kid the edge in a serious world and training atmosphere. Open grade schools are separated into two classes dependent on the mechanism of guidance: †¢ Malay-medium National Schools (Sekolah Kebangsaan, SK) †¢ non-Malay-medium National-type Schools (Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan, SJK), otherwise called â€Å"vernacular schools†,[7] further isolated into o National-type School (Chinese) (Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (Cina), SJK(C)), Mandarin-medium and streamlined Chinese composing o National-type School (Tamil) (Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (Tamil), SJK (T)), Tamil-medium All schools concede understudies paying little mind to racial and language foundation. Malay and English are necessary subjects in all schools. All schools utilize a similar prospectus for non-language subjects paying little heed to the mechanism of guidance. The educating of the Chinese language is necessary in SJK(C), and Tamil language is obligatory in SJK(T). Moreover, a National School must give the educating of Chinese or Tamil language, just as indigenous dialects any place down to earth, if the guardians of in any event 15 understudies in the school demand that the specific language to be instructed. Rapid rail is a kind of rail transport that works essentially quicker than customary rail traffic, utilizing an incorporated framework ofâ specialized moving stock and devoted tracks. The primary such framework started activities in Japan in 1964 and was broadly known as the shot train. Rapid trains ordinarily work on standard check tracks of ceaselessly welded rail on grade isolated option to proceed that consolidates a huge turning span in its structure.

So Your Identitys Been Stolen ... Now What

So Your Identitys Been Stolen ... Now What So Your Identitys Been Stolen Now What? So Your Identitys Been Stolen Now What?The damage caused by a stolen identity could take years to fix. Heres what you can do to limit that damage as much as possible.The bank can take your house. A pickpocket could grab your wallet. And if you don’t watch out, the witch who lives in that candy house down the street will steal your children away to turn them into gingerbread.But at least there’s one thing no one can take from you: your identity right?Unfortunately not. Identity theft is very, very real.  That’s why it’s important to know how to tell if your identity has been stolen and what to do when it has. Lucky for you, we spoke to the experts to get the answers to each of those questions! Identity theft is only growing worse.“Identity theft continues to grow due to a growing number of data breaches,” warned Justin Lavelle, Chief Communications Officer at  BeenVerified.com (@BeenVerified).“A data breach involves a company’s customers’ records being accessed in a fraudulent manner. These records often include the customer’s name, Social Security number, date of birth, home address, and driver’s license number. When large companies have a data breach, millions of customers are affected.“Online shopping is another reason why identity theft is on the rise, he continued. Shoppers who are not knowledgeable of the risks of online shopping may use their credit card or bank information to make a purchase online and compromise their personal information.Online shopping presents one of the greatest opportunities for fraud. The long-term trend shows that it will continue to grow as consumers shop more online than in person and these criminals get more sophisticated in their knowledge of compromising online data.”How do you know that your identity has been stolen?Most of the time, when something is stolen from you, you’ll know it. If your car isn’t parked in front of your house where you left it, then it was either stolen, towed, or gained a life of its own and you’re living in a Stephen King book. But if your identity was stolen,  It may not be quite  so obviousLavelle offered the following common identity theft warning signs:“Bank withdrawals have been made from your account that you didn’t authorize.You receive calls from debt collectors regarding debts that are not yours.You stop receiving your mail.Merchants will not accept your checks due to insufficient funds when you are certain you have the funds to cover your purchase.Your credit report lists accounts that you didn’t open.The IRS notifies you that you have two tax returns which were filed under your name.You are notified that a company where you have an account has had a data breach.Lavelle also warned that it might be more subtle than that with this example:“You discover a small ‘test charge’ on your credit card. A hacker will often place a small charge on your card as a test to see whether or not the charge will be accepted. Once it is accep ted, they will charge a larger amount at a later time.You may start receiving phone calls or mail soliciting you to purchase a car, take out a personal loan, or other grand expenses. These could be due to someone spending a lot of your money and often, thus making you seem like a viable prospect for these solicitors.”Now what?OK, so you’re pretty sure that your identity has been stolen in some form. What do you do now?“Depending on the nature of the identity theft issue, first steps are fixing what’s broke,” explained identity theft expert and CEO of  Safr.Me Robert Siciliano (@RobertSiciliano). “That might mean ‘New account fraud’ and contacting a creditor that appears on a credit report or contacts you for nonpayment, and informing them that you weren’t the one that opened up the account, having those lines of credit shut down, and being made whole.”Additionally, it can be worth reaching out to the credit agencies themselves.“If your identity has been stolen you want to obtain a copy of your credit report directly from Experian, TransUnion, and Equifax,” advised nationally recognized credit expert Jeanne Kelly, (@creditscoop).“You can add a freeze on your credit report for free. You can file a police report and bring the credit reports and any other accounts that funds were taken out of or charged on.”You should also reach out to the credit card companies directly, if appropriate. Steve Weisman, a  lawyer, author, and identity theft expert who writes at  Scamicide.com  (@Scamicide), suggested the following:“If your credit card was used by identity thieves, you should report the crime to your credit card issuer, have the phony charges removed, have the account closed and get a new credit card.If your name or credit was used to make fraudulent purchases, you should contact the company where the fraudulent purchase was made and inform them that the charge was fraudulent and they should remove the charge.You also should report the c rime to the police. They are unlikely to catch the criminal, but it serves as a good record for later proving your innocence of any wrongdoing.“You also should check your credit reports at each of the three major credit reporting agencies to have any faulty information removed from your credit report. The credit reporting agencies will remove fraudulent charges after they do an investigation.You should then freeze your credit reports at each of the credit reporting agencies to prevent the identity thief from using your personal information, such as your Social Security number, for future large purchases or lines of credit.Freezing your credit is the single best thing anyone can do to help prevent identity theft.”Be diligent and change your passwords.Even if you’ve taken the steps listed above, you won’t quite be out of the woods. You’ll have to be especially careful in the coming months.“Change all your passwords, your login usernames, and your email address,” urged Dr ew Kellerman, founder of Phase 2 Wealth Advisors in Gig Harbor, Washington.“If you direct your new email address to ‘pull’ mail from the old one, you don’t need to alert everyone you know about the change. Just make sure you do NOT instruct the old address forward messages to the new email. Doing so would provide a potential hacker with a portal to access your new email.Kellerman also offered some advice to make your password more secure:“Use a space. Security researchers obtained a list of 550 million passwords and found that only 0.03% used a space. A space works just like any other character in a password, but using one or more spaces increases the password’s strength.“It turns out the longer the password, the more secure. It doesn’t need to be an unrecognizable mass of letters, numbers, and symbols. It simply needs to be long. Let’s assume that one of your favorite movies is the original Star Wars. What famous line will you NEVER forget from that film? ‘May t he force be with you.’“Many sites require symbols, numbers, upper and lower-case letters. You can work these requirements into your new passwords in a consistent manner that is easy to remember. For example, always start the sentence with an upper-case letter and finish the quote with the same symbol/number combination.“Are you in the habit of writing down your passwords somewhere? Say you have an online bank account and are using ‘May the force be with you @1’ as the password. Put a memo in your smartphone or tablet that simply reads, ‘Bank: Mtfbwy@1.’ This will help trigger your memory of which password you are using with this account but will likely bewilder anyone else who gets ahold of your device.”This password advice will be useful to prevent future identity theft as well. And speaking of preventing future identity theft, we’ll have more to say on that subject soonTo learn more about protecting yourself from scammers, check out these related posts and articl es from OppLoans:Never Trust and Always Verify: How to Avoid Getting Scammed Over Email10 Common Scams: How They Work and How to Avoid ThemDating App Dangers: 7 Tips to Avoid Getting Scammed by a Fake RomanceSo Your Package Got Stolen … Now What?Do you have a question about scams and identity theft youd like us to answer?  Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |  InstagramContributorsDrew Kellerman is the founder of  Phase 2 Wealth Advisors in Gig Harbor, Washington.Jeanne Kelly  (@creditscoop)  is an author, speaker, and coach who educates people to achieve a higher credit score and  understand credit reporting. #HealthyCredit is her motto.  As the founder of The Kelly Group in 2000 and the author of The 90-Day Credit Challenge, Jeanne Kelly is a nationally recognized authority on credit consulting and credit score improvement.Justin Lavelle  is a Scams Prevention Expert and the Chief Communications Officer of  BeenVerified.com (@BeenVerified). BeenVerified i s a leading source of online background checks and contact information. It helps people discover, understand and use public data in their everyday lives and can provide peace of mind by offering a fast, easy and affordable way to do background checks on potential dates. BeenVerified allows individuals to find more information about people, phone numbers, email addresses,  and property records.Robert Siciliano  (@RobertSiciliano) is a #1 Best-Selling Author and CEO of  Safr.Me.  Safr.Me is funny  but serious about teaching you and your audience fraud prevention and personal security. Robert is a United States Coast Guard Auxiliary Flotilla Staff Officer of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security whose motto is Semper Paratus (Always Ready). His programs are cutting edge, easily digestible and provide best practices to keep you, your clients and employees safe and secure. Your audience will walk away as experts in identity theft prevention, online reputation management, online privac y and data security.Steve Weisman  is a lawyer, college professor at Bentley University and author.  He is one of the country’s leading experts in identity theft.  His most recent book is “Identity Theft Alert.”  He also writes the blog  Scamicide.com  (@Scamicide)  where he provides daily updated information about the latest scams and identity theft schemes.

So Your Identitys Been Stolen ... Now What

So Your Identitys Been Stolen ... Now What So Your Identitys Been Stolen Now What? So Your Identitys Been Stolen Now What?The damage caused by a stolen identity could take years to fix. Heres what you can do to limit that damage as much as possible.The bank can take your house. A pickpocket could grab your wallet. And if you don’t watch out, the witch who lives in that candy house down the street will steal your children away to turn them into gingerbread.But at least there’s one thing no one can take from you: your identity right?Unfortunately not. Identity theft is very, very real.  That’s why it’s important to know how to tell if your identity has been stolen and what to do when it has. Lucky for you, we spoke to the experts to get the answers to each of those questions! Identity theft is only growing worse.“Identity theft continues to grow due to a growing number of data breaches,” warned Justin Lavelle, Chief Communications Officer at  BeenVerified.com (@BeenVerified).“A data breach involves a company’s customers’ records being accessed in a fraudulent manner. These records often include the customer’s name, Social Security number, date of birth, home address, and driver’s license number. When large companies have a data breach, millions of customers are affected.“Online shopping is another reason why identity theft is on the rise, he continued. Shoppers who are not knowledgeable of the risks of online shopping may use their credit card or bank information to make a purchase online and compromise their personal information.Online shopping presents one of the greatest opportunities for fraud. The long-term trend shows that it will continue to grow as consumers shop more online than in person and these criminals get more sophisticated in their knowledge of compromising online data.”How do you know that your identity has been stolen?Most of the time, when something is stolen from you, you’ll know it. If your car isn’t parked in front of your house where you left it, then it was either stolen, towed, or gained a life of its own and you’re living in a Stephen King book. But if your identity was stolen,  It may not be quite  so obviousLavelle offered the following common identity theft warning signs:“Bank withdrawals have been made from your account that you didn’t authorize.You receive calls from debt collectors regarding debts that are not yours.You stop receiving your mail.Merchants will not accept your checks due to insufficient funds when you are certain you have the funds to cover your purchase.Your credit report lists accounts that you didn’t open.The IRS notifies you that you have two tax returns which were filed under your name.You are notified that a company where you have an account has had a data breach.Lavelle also warned that it might be more subtle than that with this example:“You discover a small ‘test charge’ on your credit card. A hacker will often place a small charge on your card as a test to see whether or not the charge will be accepted. Once it is accep ted, they will charge a larger amount at a later time.You may start receiving phone calls or mail soliciting you to purchase a car, take out a personal loan, or other grand expenses. These could be due to someone spending a lot of your money and often, thus making you seem like a viable prospect for these solicitors.”Now what?OK, so you’re pretty sure that your identity has been stolen in some form. What do you do now?“Depending on the nature of the identity theft issue, first steps are fixing what’s broke,” explained identity theft expert and CEO of  Safr.Me Robert Siciliano (@RobertSiciliano). “That might mean ‘New account fraud’ and contacting a creditor that appears on a credit report or contacts you for nonpayment, and informing them that you weren’t the one that opened up the account, having those lines of credit shut down, and being made whole.”Additionally, it can be worth reaching out to the credit agencies themselves.“If your identity has been stolen you want to obtain a copy of your credit report directly from Experian, TransUnion, and Equifax,” advised nationally recognized credit expert Jeanne Kelly, (@creditscoop).“You can add a freeze on your credit report for free. You can file a police report and bring the credit reports and any other accounts that funds were taken out of or charged on.”You should also reach out to the credit card companies directly, if appropriate. Steve Weisman, a  lawyer, author, and identity theft expert who writes at  Scamicide.com  (@Scamicide), suggested the following:“If your credit card was used by identity thieves, you should report the crime to your credit card issuer, have the phony charges removed, have the account closed and get a new credit card.If your name or credit was used to make fraudulent purchases, you should contact the company where the fraudulent purchase was made and inform them that the charge was fraudulent and they should remove the charge.You also should report the c rime to the police. They are unlikely to catch the criminal, but it serves as a good record for later proving your innocence of any wrongdoing.“You also should check your credit reports at each of the three major credit reporting agencies to have any faulty information removed from your credit report. The credit reporting agencies will remove fraudulent charges after they do an investigation.You should then freeze your credit reports at each of the credit reporting agencies to prevent the identity thief from using your personal information, such as your Social Security number, for future large purchases or lines of credit.Freezing your credit is the single best thing anyone can do to help prevent identity theft.”Be diligent and change your passwords.Even if you’ve taken the steps listed above, you won’t quite be out of the woods. You’ll have to be especially careful in the coming months.“Change all your passwords, your login usernames, and your email address,” urged Dr ew Kellerman, founder of Phase 2 Wealth Advisors in Gig Harbor, Washington.“If you direct your new email address to ‘pull’ mail from the old one, you don’t need to alert everyone you know about the change. Just make sure you do NOT instruct the old address forward messages to the new email. Doing so would provide a potential hacker with a portal to access your new email.Kellerman also offered some advice to make your password more secure:“Use a space. Security researchers obtained a list of 550 million passwords and found that only 0.03% used a space. A space works just like any other character in a password, but using one or more spaces increases the password’s strength.“It turns out the longer the password, the more secure. It doesn’t need to be an unrecognizable mass of letters, numbers, and symbols. It simply needs to be long. Let’s assume that one of your favorite movies is the original Star Wars. What famous line will you NEVER forget from that film? ‘May t he force be with you.’“Many sites require symbols, numbers, upper and lower-case letters. You can work these requirements into your new passwords in a consistent manner that is easy to remember. For example, always start the sentence with an upper-case letter and finish the quote with the same symbol/number combination.“Are you in the habit of writing down your passwords somewhere? Say you have an online bank account and are using ‘May the force be with you @1’ as the password. Put a memo in your smartphone or tablet that simply reads, ‘Bank: Mtfbwy@1.’ This will help trigger your memory of which password you are using with this account but will likely bewilder anyone else who gets ahold of your device.”This password advice will be useful to prevent future identity theft as well. And speaking of preventing future identity theft, we’ll have more to say on that subject soonTo learn more about protecting yourself from scammers, check out these related posts and articl es from OppLoans:Never Trust and Always Verify: How to Avoid Getting Scammed Over Email10 Common Scams: How They Work and How to Avoid ThemDating App Dangers: 7 Tips to Avoid Getting Scammed by a Fake RomanceSo Your Package Got Stolen … Now What?Do you have a question about scams and identity theft youd like us to answer?  Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |  InstagramContributorsDrew Kellerman is the founder of  Phase 2 Wealth Advisors in Gig Harbor, Washington.Jeanne Kelly  (@creditscoop)  is an author, speaker, and coach who educates people to achieve a higher credit score and  understand credit reporting. #HealthyCredit is her motto.  As the founder of The Kelly Group in 2000 and the author of The 90-Day Credit Challenge, Jeanne Kelly is a nationally recognized authority on credit consulting and credit score improvement.Justin Lavelle  is a Scams Prevention Expert and the Chief Communications Officer of  BeenVerified.com (@BeenVerified). BeenVerified i s a leading source of online background checks and contact information. It helps people discover, understand and use public data in their everyday lives and can provide peace of mind by offering a fast, easy and affordable way to do background checks on potential dates. BeenVerified allows individuals to find more information about people, phone numbers, email addresses,  and property records.Robert Siciliano  (@RobertSiciliano) is a #1 Best-Selling Author and CEO of  Safr.Me.  Safr.Me is funny  but serious about teaching you and your audience fraud prevention and personal security. Robert is a United States Coast Guard Auxiliary Flotilla Staff Officer of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security whose motto is Semper Paratus (Always Ready). His programs are cutting edge, easily digestible and provide best practices to keep you, your clients and employees safe and secure. Your audience will walk away as experts in identity theft prevention, online reputation management, online privac y and data security.Steve Weisman  is a lawyer, college professor at Bentley University and author.  He is one of the country’s leading experts in identity theft.  His most recent book is “Identity Theft Alert.”  He also writes the blog  Scamicide.com  (@Scamicide)  where he provides daily updated information about the latest scams and identity theft schemes.

Analysis Of The Scarlet Letter - 1434 Words

Ludwig von Mises said â€Å"Romanticism is man s revolt against reason, as well as against the condition under which nature has compelled him to live.† Mises s quote means that people use romanticism to see different things in the world that reason cannot do. Many early settlers were anxious to create their own identity and by doing so, they changed their rational thinking. Because of this, many writers produced instructional texts and more stories, novels and poetry. American Romanticism was a new way of thinking and is characterized as putting focus on an individual s emotions, imagination and brings ansis to nature. Later, many writers have moved their focus away from political matters and have found a new ways of perceiving aspects known as dark romanticism. Dark romanticism is defined as emphasizing the fatality and proclivity of sin and guilt. This new subgenre explores the conflict between good and evil and later reveals the psychological effects it has on one s body. M any works of literature have used elements of dark romanticism such as the novel â€Å"The Scarlet Letter† written by Nathaniel Hawthorne. Hawthorne s novel illustrates dark romanticism and the effects it has on characters such as Dimmesdale, Chillingworth and Hester Prynne. It is clear that the author depicts dark romanticism by using symbolism, prone to sin and focusing on a character to show that sin and guilt have psychological effects on people. Throughout the novel, Hester’s scarlet letterShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Scarlet Letter 972 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of The Black Man In The Scarlet Letter Symbolism is the practice of representing things by symbols, or of investing things with a symbolic meaning or character. In the novel â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, symbolism is the main feature of the story. Symbolism is used throughout the novel to describe every object in the story from the characters to the rosebush to the scarlet letter itself. One of the major symbols in â€Å"The Scarlet Letter† is the black man, who can not only beRead MoreScarlet Letter Character Analysis1081 Words   |  5 Pagesliterary works, which is expressed throughout Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter. Pearl being an outcast from the rigid Puritan morals, and Hesters being independent and strong-willed challenges traditional society. These aspects all mirror the authors emotions and hardships of his early life through the literary element of characterization. Through the analysis of the main characters Hester and Pearl, we see how The Scarlet Letter is a reflection of Hawthornes life, and how the struggles and feelingsRead MorePsychoanalytic Analysis : The Scarlet Letter 1354 Words   |  6 PagesPsychoanalytical Analysis Throughout The Scarlet Letter there are many Freudian symbolisms that can be found scattered throughout this American classic. In nearly every chapter there is at least one reference to a phallic or yonic symbols to demonstrate the longing for a male figure in both Pearl and Hester’s life, and the symbolism to depict the shift from id to ego. One of the earlier metaphors to symbolize Hester’s suppression is the scaffold that she stands upon in the first chapter of theRead MoreAnalysis Of The From The Scarlet Letter 959 Words   |  4 PagesComposition: Analysis – Chapter Nine, â€Å"The Leech† from the Scarlet Letter The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne is one of the most iconic books in history; its storyline, theme and literal characters have made an impact on the world of literature for hundreds of years. What stands out the most in the book is the use of archaic diction and figurative language, which serve to paint vivid, descriptive pictures of each character, specifically, Roger Chillingworth. In chapter nine of The Scarlet Letter, ‘TheRead MoreAnalysis Of The Scarlet Letter 1310 Words   |  6 Pages The characters in the Scarlet Letter are judged greatly through how and who they are able and unable to forgive. Such as the main female lead, Hester Prynne, and her struggle for the town to forgive her, finding the will to forgive herself and having God forgive her. Although, this was hard because every day she had to live with the scarlet letter upon her chest as a reminder of her sin. Another character that had one of the roughest times in the novel was Arthur Dimmesdale. This man kept a sinRead MoreAnalysis Of The Scarlet Letter 1645 Words   |  7 PagesIn The Scarlet Letter a young woman named Hester is criticized and mocked for having a young girl from an adulterous act with a sneaky pastor. The young girl will be named Pearl (named Pearl for having cost a great price). Throughout the novel as the characters develop and change the plot of the story develops into a riveting climax and an end no one could have imagined. Within the novel there are five major scenes that build up to the dramatic ending of The Scarlet Letter. The scenes in order areRead MoreAnalysis Of The Scarlet Letter 963 Words   |  4 Pagesare the source of them is the way to redemption. In the novel The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, a Puritan woman named Hester Prynne commits the crime of adultery with the reverend of the town and bears a child from this unlawful union. Hester faces punishment in the form of a large scarlet letter â€Å"A† that she must wear upon her bosom so that all may know the sin of infidelity she has committed. In The Scarlet Letter, the evolvement and fate of the character of Hester Prynne demonstratesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Scarlet Letter 1234 Words   |  5 PagesNadia Innab Mrs. Mogilefsky English 3 AP 31 August 2015 The Scarlet Letter Questions 1. One of the author’s purposes in delivering this literary piece to the public is to expose the hypocrisy of society. For example, when Hester chooses to accept her Scarlet Letter instead of wear it with shame, society looks at her as if there was something wrong with her conscience. Hawthorne states, â€Å"This morbid meddling of conscience with an immaterial matter betokened, is to be feared, no genuine and steadfastRead MoreAnalysis Of The Scarlet Letter 1610 Words   |  7 Pagesthat the mysterious ailment afflicting the minister is connected to her mother’s sin. -The townspeople do not see the obvious connection between Dimmesdale and Hester have even though they both are affected by the same place on the body (The scarlet letter on the heart and Dimmesdale hand over his heart). -Pearl connect Dimmesdale to the â€Å"Black Man† who is the devil, to show he has sinned -The townspeople ignore the obvious connection between Dimmesdale s declining health and Hester’s sin becauseRead MoreAnalysis Of The Scarlet Letter 1233 Words   |  5 PagesKyle Cho Mr. Ertman AP Lit Per.4 2 November 2015 In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s time-honored novel, The Scarlet Letter, the relationship between Pearl and her biological father, Arthur Dimmesdale, changes from that of unfamiliarity and fear to one of love and acceptance. Throughout most of the novel, Dimmesdale is unable to face Pearl without being reminded of his sin and he becomes estranged to his own child. As a result, Pearl lacks a true connection with her father which becomes a detriment to her

The Heart Of Darkness And Macbeth By William Shakespeare

It can be hidden in the unwritten rules of society or tucked deep into a metaphor for the imperialistic tendencies of Europeans hidden in the darkness of the Congo. Kurtz in The Heart of Darkness, and Macbeth in Macbeth, display the traits of evil taking over perfectly. Although different times and plots, both men share a craving for power, and their superiority complexes ultimately lead to their demise. Their mental and physical health deteriorate, eventually coming out of their experiences as irrational, delusional, and sick men. The individuality and strength that comes with each person’s moral compass is stripped away once evil finds its way into a person. The impact evil has on a person who embraces it is complete and total consumption and control; a transition of the body and mind along with an eventual lack of moral reasoning and decaying mental health. From the start Macbeth and Kurtz exhibit selfish ambition which is what makes them susceptible to evil initially. This similarity connects the characters, the start to their road of destruction and tyranny starts with two selfish decisions made only to further themselves. Kurtz is drawn to Africa at first to make a difference, or at least it seems this way. But rather than him going on a â€Å"mission to civilize† (70), he goes on a mission to make as much money as he can. Not only that but he went from wanted to help the Africans, only later to say â€Å"exterminate all the brutes†. While doing so he sees more and moreShow MoreRelatedMacbeth : Lightness And Darkness988 Words   |  4 PagesMuratovic Mr. Tice Honors English 2 6 March 2017 Macbeth Essay: Lightness and Darkness Is the lightness and darkness combination, implemented by Shakespeare in the play The Tragedy of Macbeth, foreshadowing Macbeth’s downfall? As many can identify conspicuous examples of light and darkness through characterization, the play has many hidden foreshadowing signifiers. Although many overlook the imagery created through the light and darkness in Macbeth, Shakespeare places these examples strategically to makeRead MoreLust of Power Depicted in William Shakespeare ´s Macbeth Essay700 Words   |  3 PagesMurder, ghosts, and floating daggers are the usual attractions for most that read William Shakespeare’s Macbeth, and yet there is an important theme that some might overlook. Written in the early 17th century, Macbeth is believed to be based upon historical events listed in Raphael Holinshed’s Chronicles of Scotland and other current events of the time. Shakespeare constructs the memorable world of Macbeth with a mysterious and sinister atmosphere, in corporating diabolical elements into this worldRead More Heart of Darkness versus MacBeth Essay1677 Words   |  7 Pages Heart of Darkness and MacBeth  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Joseph Conrad and William Shakespeare are not traditionally paired up for a critical analysis. However, the characters MacBeth and Kurtz in MacBeth and Heart of Darkness, respectively, prove to be worthy of comparison. MacBeth and Kurtz share many common characteristics: both have vaulting ambition that leads both to their success and their demise, a superiority complex, and both make similar sacrifices to achieve their goal. DespiteRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth Draft1040 Words   |  5 PagesStuart Wodzro Honours English 9, Block 2 Shakespeare Essay February 26, 2016 MacBeth Draft No. 3 The strive for power is a human impulse, perhaps even a primitive compulsion. And, in the case of human beings at least, the impulse is not restricted solely to the necessities of life. Beings are devoted to gaining raw power itself and, through it, they loses themselves. As one may know, the lust for power is a mode of selfishness, where at one attempts to gratify every passion, but alas pleonexiaRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth - The Age Old Battle Of Good Versus Evil992 Words   |  4 Pageslight and darkness. Blood is shown throughout William Shakespeare’s Macbeth, and plays a key role in the building of the story’s conflicts. Blood represents life, but Shakespeare depicts blood in the alternative dark version, showing where there is life there is death and without death there is no life. 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Teens Go Gaga over Vampires - 3809 Words

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Conclusion For Domestic Violence Essay Example For Students

Conclusion For Domestic Violence Essay VIOLENCEWhat is domestic violence? In this paper I will be telling you many different forms of domestic violence. I will include the physical abuse, sexual abuse, verbal abuse, spiritual abuse, economic abuse, social abuse, and emotional abuse. I will also describe the cycle, teen dating violence, and why women stay with an abusive partner. Physical abuse takes many forms including hitting, punching, pulling hair, slapping, grabbing, biting, kicking, breaking bones, bruising, burning, twisting arms, throwing victims against walls and furniture, throwing objects and using weapons. It also includes damaging household goods, killing pets, and denial of human needs, like sleep and nutrition. Assault can be of a life-threatening nature resulting in broken bones, miscarriages and other serious injuries. A substantial proportion of victims are threatened or assaulted with weapons such as knives, firearms and axes. Physical violence can result in murder and often leads to serious physical injury. The injuries are not always obvious as abusers often make sure the signs of their attacks are hidden under clothing. For many women there is a real and constant threat of death because of the seriousness of the abuse. Sexual abuse in the home is domestic violence. Sexual intercourse without consent is sexual assault. Sexual assault may or may not involve physical force. Sexual abuse is unwanted sexual contact. Many men still believe that they have the right to unlimited sexual access to their wives. Verbal abuse consists of derogatory comments, insults and constant put-downs. Lack of physical attractiveness, inferiority, inability to cope and succeed on her own and being told that she is not a good mother/wife/housekeeper. Over time this constant humiliation will destroy a womens belief in herself and severely affect her self-esteem. She begins to take on the abusive descriptions as if they are real and therefore may start to believe that shes worthless, that the violence is her fault. It must be kept in mind that responsibility for the violence lies solely with the perpetrator, not the victim. Threats are very common form of verbal abuse, aimed at terrorizing the woman to such and extent that the abuser is in total control. Threats by a man to kill a woman if she leaves him are often reported by victims of domestic violence. Emotional abuse closely linked to verbal abuse, these behaviors are also aimed at terrorizing the victim and stripping her of her self-confidence. Behaviors include destroying household/personal property deliberately hurting/injuring/killing domestic pets, deprivation of essential personal needs such as food, sleep, sanitary items ect. The power which they give in order to manipulate and intimidate the other partner. A range of behavior is involved, including verbal abuse intended to destroy the other persons self-esteem. For example, a perpetrators behavior may lead to his partner to believe she is insane, stupid or useless. The effect is often cumulative, occurring over a long period of time with damaging consequences for the abused persons sense of self. Spiritual abuse describes the damage violence does to the spirit of those who have been abused. For some women this cannot be equated with psychological or emotional abuse. Spiritual violence is deeper than an individuals experien ce of betrayal: it involves the shame experienced when everyone in the community is aware of the violence, and when they too are implicated as victims of the violence. Victimization may be based on race, color, or other forms of identification with that community , and it includes the abuse suffered from a history of genocide or persecution. Economic abuse this occurs where the man has total control over all financial resources. For example, he may forbid the woman to work or if she does he may insist that she hands over her pay check to him unopened. She may have to beg for money to buy necessities and when it is given it may often be insufficient. She is then criticized for being stupid or incompetent in failing to provide adequately with this sum. .u2b7d16aad56254c40ec8169adde67e47 , .u2b7d16aad56254c40ec8169adde67e47 .postImageUrl , .u2b7d16aad56254c40ec8169adde67e47 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2b7d16aad56254c40ec8169adde67e47 , .u2b7d16aad56254c40ec8169adde67e47:hover , .u2b7d16aad56254c40ec8169adde67e47:visited , .u2b7d16aad56254c40ec8169adde67e47:active { border:0!important; } .u2b7d16aad56254c40ec8169adde67e47 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2b7d16aad56254c40ec8169adde67e47 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2b7d16aad56254c40ec8169adde67e47:active , .u2b7d16aad56254c40ec8169adde67e47:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2b7d16aad56254c40ec8169adde67e47 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2b7d16aad56254c40ec8169adde67e47 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2b7d16aad56254c40ec8169adde67e47 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2b7d16aad56254c40ec8169adde67e47 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2b7d16aad56254c40ec8169adde67e47:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2b7d16aad56254c40ec8169adde67e47 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2b7d16aad56254c40ec8169adde67e47 .u2b7d16aad56254c40ec8169adde67e47-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2b7d16aad56254c40ec8169adde67e47:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Down Syndrome: An Informative EssaySocial abuse includes delivering verbal abuse in front of other people, such as put-down, jokes, criticisms about the womans weight, appearance, sexuality, intelligence ect. Controlling behaviors such as following her to work, controlling access to friends, constant phone calls at work or accusations of imagined affairs ect. Isolating a woman by denigrating her friends and family, thus leading her to cut herself off because she fears enraging her husband, locking the women in or out of the house, cutting off the telephone, never letting her use the car ect. Social abuse is the constant monitoring and control of a womens activities, outing s, and friendships. She may be forced to account herself for her every movement, and my be denied the right to leave the home and see her friends. The result for the abused woman can be public humiliation and isolation from friends and other members of her family. The Cycle Of ViolencePHASE 1: TENSION BUILDINGPoor communication / series of minor incidents / decreased controlCompliant / good behavior/ experiences/ increased tension/ minimizes problems/ increases threats/ denies anger/ takes more control/ withdraws/ controls more/ tension intolerablePHASE 2: ACUTE BATTERINGIncreased stress and injury/ loss of controlUnpredictable, claims loss of control / is helpless, feels trapped / highly abusive/ traumatizedPHASE 3: KINDNESS AND LOVING BEHAVIORTension drops / Renewed love / Increased TensionOften apologetic, attentive / mixed feelings / is manipulative / feels guilty and responsible / promises changes / considers reconciliationAfter the abuser has gone through all of the phases, it starts over again with phase one and continues until the victim either gets help or is killed. TEEN DATING VIOLENCE FACTS MYTHSMyth: It cant happen to meFact: More than 1 in 10 teenagers experience physical violence in their relationshipsMyth: Jealousy and possessiveness are a sign of true loveFact: Jealousy and possessiveness are a sign that the person sees you as a possession. It is the most common early warning sign of abuse. Myth: Teen dating violence isnt really that serious. Fact: Thirty percent of all women who are murdered in this country are killed by their husband or boyfriend. According to a Massachusetts study, that same high percentage applied to teen woman, aged 15-19, as well. Also, 60% of all rapes reported to rape crisis centers are committed by acquaintances, and the majority of victims are aged 16-24. Myth: Men are battered by women just as often as women are battered by men. Fact: The U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics reports that 95% of the reported incidents of assaults in relationships are committed by males. Myth: Alcohol causes a man to batterFact: Many men who batter do not drink heavily , and many alcoholics do not beat their partners. Further, batterers who do drink dont necessarily give up battering when they give up drinking. While they are drunk, the alcohol acts as their excuse. Myth: Victims bring on the abuse themselves. They ask for itFact: Perpetrators believe they have the right to use abuse to control their partner, and they see the victim as less than equal to themselves. The victim has no control over the abuser. Myth: If a person stays in an abusive relationship, it must not really be that bad. Fact: People stay in abusive relationships for a number of reasons: fear, economic dependence, confusion, loss of self-confidence, not recognizing that whats happening is abusive, belief that the abuser needs their help or will change. Myth: Most batterers are bums or crazy people. Fact: Batterers are found in all classes and types of people: rich, poor, professional, unemployed, black, white, urban, and rural.

The Merchant Of Venice Portia free essay sample

The Merchant Of Venice: Portia # 8217 ; s Suitors Essay, Research Paper Compare and contrast Portia? s three suers, analyzing their charactersShakespeare high spots three of Portia? s suers, the Prince of Morocco, the Prince of Arragon and Bassanio. He does this to rise dramatic tenseness, as these three work forces are the most of import campaigners to win Portia? s manus in matrimony. They reveal the contents of the three coffins and their different characters every bit exposed as being proud, vain and low. They besides emphasise the racial biass of Venice a topographic point where many races clash. Their attitudes towards the coffins and their picks indicate what their character is like. This essay will compare and contrast the three suers and will research how Shakespeare influences the audience? s attitudes towards the three work forces. The Prince of Morocco is the first suer of the three suers we are introduced to. We will write a custom essay sample on The Merchant Of Venice Portia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page His first line is, ? Mislike me non for my skin color? ( Act II Scene I ) He is dying to counterbalance for the coloring material of his tegument. He shows himself to be ashamed and insecure. However his character is proud because after he comments on his tegument coloring material he proceeds to support it and boasts about himself, ? # 8230 ; this facet of mine/ Hath fright? d the valiant? The best regarded virgins of our clime/Have lov? d it excessively # 8230 ; ? ( Act II Scene I ) He challenges Portia to compare his blood with the whitest of work forces to see whose is the reddest. ? Bring me the fairest animal? And allow us do scratch for your love/ To turn out whose blood is reddish, or mine. ? ( Act II Scene I ) This would be a manner to propose that Morocco was every bit baronial as any white adult male was because ruddy blood signified bravery and virility. A batch of accent is placed on Morocco? s skin coloring material. His tedious addresss full of false and excessive congratulations makes him sound insincere, ? ? all the universe desires her ; /From all corners of the Earth they come, / To snog this shrine, this mortal external respiration saint: ? ( Act II Scene seven ) In contrast his issue is short and dignified, in entire disparity to his entryway and long addresss before taking a coffin. ? ? I have excessively griev? d a bosom /To take a boring leave: leave also-rans part. ? ( Act II Scene seven ) This indicates he does non easy accept licking. He explains his ideas on each of the coffins as he reads the letterings on them. He says the lead coffin is non deserving guessing everything for and rapidly dismisses it. When he comes to the Ag coffin he remarks, ? Thou dost deserve adequate and yet enough/May non widen so far as to the lady: ? ( Act II Scene seven ) . He exposes his secret fright that he does non merit Portia. He considers silver non to be expansive plenty for Portia and dismisses this coffin besides. He settles upon the gold coffin believing that? what many work forces want? describes Portia. His pick can be explained by the fact that it is merely his royal blood and his luck that lends him regard from the people of Venice. His wealths are really of import to him. From this we can state that Morocco represents animal love, a desire for physical pleasances as oppose to those of the head. This means Morocco Judgess on outward visual aspects. The citation, ? All that glitters is non gold? befits his character which is insecure and shoal. The 2nd suer is the Prince of Arragon whose entryway unlike Morocco? s is non pre-empted by any remarks from Portia. His haughtiness and pride are shown through his pick of coffin and his reaction to taking the incorrect coffin. He remarks on the lettering of gold coffin, ? ? I will non leap with common spirits/And rank me with brutal multitudes. ? ( Act II Scene nine ) and believing gold was excessively common for him he arrogantly discards it. He does non even halt to contemplate the lead coffin stating merely that it would hold to look more attractive for him to guess anything for it. The Ag coffin is the 1 that entreaties to him the most because he feels that no one deserving should travel unmerited. His haughtiness leads him to presume that he is worthy of Portia. Before he opens the coffin he says, ? I will presume dessert? ? . His reaction when he finds that he was unsuccessful besides highlights his haughtiness because he is so incredulous and can non believe this is go oning to him, ? Did I deserve no more than a sap? s caput? / Is that my award? Are my sweets no better? ? ( Act II Scene nine ) . He is so chapfallen that one could experience sympathy for him. But he gracefully accepts his destiny and makes a dignified issue, ? I? ll maintain my curse, /Patiently to bear my wroth. ? ( Act ii Scene nine ) . His pick indicates that Arragon represents love controlled by mind because from his point of view taking the Ag coffin was the obvious and right pick. He was blind to his ain pride. Bassanio is the last of the three suers and since he has appeared several times throughout the drama before the audience know him rather good. He is portrayed as neither proud nor chesty but shows himself to be nervous around Portia bespeaking he may be inexperienced with adult females. This contrasts with the attitudes of the other two suers, as they are full of ego. Their purpose amongst others is to do Bassanio appear virtuous. He is important and by far the most of import of the three suers because Portia really displays involvement for him. He besides receives a good study from the courier at the terminal of Act II Scene nine before he enters unlike the other two suers. He receives better intervention than the other two suers do. Portia dramas music in the background possibly to quiet him and comfort him into the right frame of head so that he may take right. She besides tries to detain him in taking the trial, ? ? for, in taking incorrect, /I lose your company: ? ( Act III Scene two ) . But he says? Let me take ; /For as I am, I live upon the rack? demoing himself to be an impatient and tortured lover or possibly dying to put claim to Portia? s luck. His long addresss before taking the coffin are excessively intense. He does nevertheless do some good points and he centres on the stating, ? wear? T justice a book by its screen? . He talks about faith, cowardliness and beauty. He says how one could explicate off evil actions by mentioning scriptural quotation marks, in consequence concealment behind faith. ? ? In faith, What damned mistake, but some sober brow/ Will bless it and O.K. it with a text? ( Act III Scene two ) On cowardliness he comments that work forces could give marks externally that they were brave but on the interior they were cowards. He besides mentions beauty and how the individual who wore the most cosmetics was the least beautiful. He mentions that head coverings could conceal things and gull even the wisest people and the illustration he gives is a beautiful scarf hides a dark face. This contrasts straight with the other two suers because they are mercenary and justice by outward visual aspects. These wise words and besides the fact that he has nil to lose and everything to derive leads him to take the lead coffin. ? ? 1000 meagre lead, / Which instead menace? nest than dost promise nothing, / Thy lividness moves me more than fluency? ( Act III Scene two ) His reaction to taking the right coffin is merely enraptured and he is ecstatic. His burbling congratulations and efforts to sound sincere fail and do him sound insincere. Shakespeare influences the audience? s attitudes towards the three work forces in the manner that he presents them. The fact that Bassanio receives a good preemption gives the audience a good feeling of him. However, Arragon receives none and Morocco receives a racialist comment before he enters and besides after he has left. Who they are influences the audience excessively, the Prince of Arragon and Morocco are supposed to be viewed as amusing characters. As at the clip, England was at war with Spain, Arragon is a instead uncomplimentary stereotype of a typical Spaniard. His haughtiness and his failure in taking the right coffin would hold been amusing to an Elizabethan audience. Besides some may happen the drama on words with his name? Arragon? and? Arrogant? besides diverting. The same is for Morocco who is jeered at for his tegument coloring material. Bassanio nevertheless is portrayed more favorably, he is a Christian, a Venetian and non proud or chesty. The manner Portia reacts to them is instrumental in act uponing the audience? s sentiments of them. When Portia picks on a mistake of a suer it is pounced upon by the audience and when Portia is happy with a suer ( that is Bassanio ) so the audience besides begins to wish him. The audience? s chief concern is that heroine of the drama is happy with whichever adult male she marries. Shakespeare has a batch of influence over the audience since it is he who decides how to show the characters and whether to do their personalities likeable or non therefore plays with the ideas of the audience. 357

CIS206 U4 Research Assignment Example

CIS206 U4 Research Assignment Example CIS206 U4 Research Assignment – Coursework Example Controlling active processes in UNIX Insert Insert UNIX is a multiprocessing operating system. The process can either be suspended, running in the foreground or running in the background at any given time. UNIX also provides the option to set processes to run when you have logged off or run when you are not using it. To control the processes running in UNIX, you need to identify the jobs running in the background and to be able to view your processes. Further, it involves killing the processes. Every job that is or running in the background has a number that identifies them. The command jobs shows the commands started from a particular controlling terminal (Service, June 2006). When more than one terminal is running in the window, each of them will have a separate list of background jobs. The latter command will calculate the status of a job according to rules. First, the job that is most recently becomes the most current. Second, all jobs that have been stopped are more present than those that are running. Finally, for the jobs running, the most current is the one that is first. You can also use the jobs –I option to show the identification number of that job. The ps command is used to view information concerning the processes that are by all the users on the same system. It includes the various processes making up a particular job. In addition, it shows the how far a particular job has made progress. Ps has a variety of options custom made to display different information about the processes running on the system. The command man ps show those options.The command control / C enable the user to kill running processes in the foreground. Those running in the background can be terminated by using the kill command. The order is to use the ps command to show you the command you want to kill, and it’s PID. To kill the processes you have chosen use the command, kill –HUP PID. HUP sends a signal to the job for hung up thus allowing it to exit and to close the open files. Essentially, killing a process is a necessary precaution in some circumstances when other processes need to be more processing power. ReferencesService, U. o. (June 2006). Managing your UNIX processes. Durham: University of Durham Information Technology Service.

Critical Management Theory (CMT) Explain Marx theories and how they Essay

Critical Management Theory (CMT) Explain Marx theories and how they applies to modern organisations - Essay Example The most important task and contribution of critical management theory â€Å"is to promote a more systematic and critical consideration of the contexts of organisational work† (Alvesson & Willmott, 1996, p.188). It is also meant to strengthen the resistance towards pressures to align with the functional imperatives and demand of the corporate wisdom (Alvesson & Willmott, 1996, p.188). CMS offers a number of alternatives with the view to maintain the management theories to radically transform the management practices. There is extreme scepticism regarding moral dispensability and as well as the ecological and social sustainability of the existing management forms in organisations. CMS has no concern for the individual’s manager’s personal failures. Neither is it concerned with the poor management practices of particular organisations. It is rather concerned with social injustice and the environmental destruction of the economic and social systems that the organisa tions and managers serve and then reproduce (Adler, Forbes & Willmott, 2007, p.2). It is important to explain the term critical in this context. A large team is considered to be an example in this case. Teamwork is considered to be a means which would be used by managers to mobilise the employees for improving their performance in business. By the reorganisation of work for accommodating task interdependencies, and by leaving a certain amount of autonomy with the team members to handle the interdependencies, such team work is considered to be the most effective and most efficient means of working in a business and managing employees. Issues like work force diversities have become increasingly important and are considered to be factors which would impede or facilitate effective team work. If such team work impedes, research suggests and finds out a way in which the problem can be mitigated (Adler, Forbes & Willmott, 2007, p.2). In CMS, both team work and mainstream theories informing it are considered to be problematic. Mainstream research ignores such problems or views them as pathological. However, critical research shows how team work can be used to take the organisation towards its goals and objectives and can result in internalising the business values by the team members. Team members than begin to exploit and discipline themselves and their peers towards better business performance and become responsible team players (Adler, Forbes & Willmott, 2007, p.2). While developing the critical agenda, contemporary developments which are beyond mere academia have influenced CMS. â€Å"Well-established critiques of the fundamental features of contemporary capitalism have been undercut by the decline and fragmentation of the left since around 1970† (Adler, Forbes & Willmott, 2007, p.2). The same period also witnessed the development of a number of social movements which opened new perspectives. Expansion of some of the European communities and emerging econom ies and the rise of the Chinese and Indian economy has modified the Anglo and American business values. These developments are directly related to the management of organisations and the daily experience of works. Critical Management Studies appeal to the faculties, practitioners, students and activists who are tired and frustrated by such conservative limits (Adler, Forbes &

(Art) Michelangelo's ceiling in the Sistine Chapel Essay

(Art) Michelangelo's ceiling in the Sistine Chapel - Essay Example â€Å"In the same way that a painter could reduce the human form or settings to a play of geometrical figures, so could the merchant simplify all things to geometrical configurations† (Lemaitre & Lessing, 1993, p. 15). This common language forced artists to examine the world a bit more closely while also giving them the ability to display more realistic images that were better able to illustrate the natural world. This led to the development of numerous artistic techniques including linear perspective, chiaroscuro and foreshortening, different artistic mediums such as frescoes and new methods of working in often difficult places. These techniques, medium and need to overcome new challenges were all employed by Michelangelo in completing one of his most famous works, the Sistine Chapel. Before he could even begin painting, the first challenge Michelangelo had to overcome was reaching the ceiling itself. The architect of the ceiling project, Bramante, provided Michelangelo with some scaffolding that was suspended from the ceiling on ropes. â€Å"When Michelangelo saw it, he was convinced that Bramante was trying to discredit him in the eyes of the pope because he knew that when the scaffolding was removed it would leave holes in the ceiling and ruin the painting† (Marszalek & Panagakis, 2004). To avoid this problem, Michelangelo created his own scaffolding which was basically a flat wooden platform supported by brackets. These brackets were built out from the walls near the tops of the windows instead of hanging from the ceiling. They had the extra bonus of being reached via a series of zigzag ladders. With the scaffolding problem solved, the old ceiling was removed and a new coat of a special kind of plaster was applied to start the fresco process. This first layer of plaster, â€Å"called the arriccio, would be spread over the entire ceiling to a thickness of roughly three-quarters of an inch,

Factors that influence consumer buying

Factors that influence consumer buying Factors that Influence Consumer Behaviour Patterns, when Purchasing Fashion Items 1.0 Introduction Consumer behaviour is a complicated and diverse area of study. Since marketing is based on identifying, anticipating and providing customer needs it is important to understand them. There are two predominant types of buying: consumer buying, which consists of buying products for personal use, and organisational buying, which involves buying for organisational purposes. For marketers to satisfy consumer needs more fully than competitors it is important to recognise the elements that influence buying. This report will identify the main factors influencing consumer behaviour patterns, particularly when purchasing fashion items. It will examine how buyer characteristics influence buyer behaviour and also how retailers react to such characteristics. In particular this report will look at the cultural factors, demographic factors and psychological factors that influence consumer buying. 2.0 Methodology All research undertaken for this was is secondary. It was conducted between the dates of Monday 16th February 2004 and Thursday 11th March 2004. The main research databases used were: * Mintel * Emerald The main books used were: * Lancaster, G, Massingham, L, and Ashford, R (2002). Essentials of Marketing: Understanding the Behaviour of Customers. 4th edition. McGraw-Hill Education. * Chisnall, P (1975). Marketing: A Behavioural Analysis. 1st edition. McGraw-Hill Book Company (UK) Limited. * Williams, K (1981). Behavioural Aspects of Marketing. 1st edition. Butterworth Heinemann. The Internet and databases used were accessed privately and also from the University of East London library, Docklands campus. Books were borrowed from this library as well. 3.0 Cultural Factors Culture affects consumer behaviour in a variety of ways. It relates to customs and beliefs that are learned from the society in which an individual grows up. Culture is a huge area of study that often has unclear boundaries and fluctuates in degree of influencing consumers. Aspects of our socio-culture, such as sub-culture, social class and reference groups play different roles in influencing consumers. A common pattern of behaviour can be observed within groups. Cultural change occurs at a very slow pace and can be seen to marketers as threats or opportunities. Cultural elements that influence consumer behaviour can also be said to be environmental influences. 3.1 Reference groups ‘A reference group is one that the individual tends to use as the anchor point for evaluating his/her own beliefs and attitudes, (American Marketing Association, 2004) There are many different types of reference groups, which may have a direct or an indirect influence on attitudes, behaviour and self-image. Primary reference groups are those that an individual has continuous contact with, they may consist of family, friends, colleagues etc, and they hold the strongest influence over the individual. In secondary reference groups the individual has less contact, such as an activities club, but still feels pressure to conform. Aspirational groups have the least contact with the individual, but the individual still strives to become similar. Celebrity endorsements could be said to be aspirational groups. Regardless as to whether an individual is, or seeks to become a member of a particular group, the group can still influence the individuals values, attitudes and behavioural patterns. The influence a reference group holds on an individual can be seen as positive, negative or both. A good example of primary reference groups is the street gangs in Manchester. Moran (2004) writes of the gangs of youths in which members must dress according to the code of their gang. The gangs can be identified through wearing hooded tops, bandanas, balaclavas and gold chains. However, the Manchester Magistrates Court has banned four members of a gang from wearing hooded tops, bandanas and balaclavas in an attempt to make them look less threatening and dilute the gang dress codes. Members and individuals who are influenced by the gangs are in an attempt to conform, more likely purchase items of clothing such as hooded tops and bandanas. Figure 1 demonstrates the appearance of a typical gang member. 3.2 Sub-culture A sub-culture could be defined as a group of individuals whose beliefs, values and behaviour differ from that of the predominant culture. There are many different sub cultures that are often referred to as segments. Some examples of subcultures include: nationality groups, religious groups, geographic groups and age groups. ‘Sub-culture plays an important part to marketers because of their influence on brands and types of product and services demanded by their members. Chisnall (1975) p.98. Mintel (2003) reports of an emerging fashionable youth sub-culture, in which extreme sports is the focal point. This culture is rebelling away from long working hours and heavy television watching lifestyle. In this alternative culture the interest and participation of extreme sports has merged with music and clothing. A strong emphasis of this culture can be seen through clothing and footwear in particular. Baggy clothing is a dominant dress code. (See figure 2) Mintel estimates that consumers spent  £4.5 billion on extreme sports goods in 2003, an increase of 29% on 1998. (See appendix 1, figure 3) Mintel also reports that levels of disposable incomes have influenced the rise in extreme sports. Between 1998 and 2003 disposable incomes have increased by 21%. (See appendix 1, figure 4) 3.3 Social Class Within every society there exists a class structure. This refers to individuals who share certain similar characteristics, such as occupation, socialisation, education and income. The rigidity of the class structure varies greatly in different societies. England could be said to have an open society, within which it is easy to move from one class to another. However, less developed countries such as Cambodia, where there is very little chance of social mobility, could be said to be a closed society. Since members from the same social class have alike characteristics they will also exhibit a similar pattern of behaviour. Social class plays a very big role in consumer behaviour. It can influence where an individual shops, such as market stalls, shopping malls or online, when and how often an individual shops, such as every day, weekly or monthly and what an individual shops for. The National Readership Survey has determined a popular and effective classification of social groups. (See appendix 2, figure 5). Williams, T (2002) examines consumer behaviour in relation to social class. In a study involving 612 respondents it was found that income doesnt have a direct relationship with class because there are huge overlaps between incomes of different classes. For example a doctor earning  £30,000 a year would be middle class while a brick layer earning  £50,000 a year would remain working class. However it was found that income does influence consumer behaviour within the context of social class. It was also found that education has a large bearing on consumer information processing and decision-making. More educated consumers; such as university graduates tend to be knowledgeable of market forces and opportunities than the school leaver. ‘They read more, read different magazines, spend less time watching television, rely less on well know brands and put more time and effort into purchasing decisions. Varying levels of knowledge and comprehension lead to different behavioural patt erns in decision making processes. 4.0 Demographical Factors Demographic elements, such as: age, sex, income, education and occupation are all individual factors that can significantly affect consumer behaviour. These elements influence the type of product an individual may want, where the individual may shop and also the purchase evaluation process. Demographic variables are some of the major factors targeted in market segmentation. As an individuals stage of life progresses, so the will needs and wants of a product. To help marketers make a clearer distinction between demographic groups for market segmentation classification bases have been developed. ‘A Classification of Residential Neighbourhoods (ACORN) is a popular geo-demographic technique used as a segmentation base. ACORN maps geographically the concentrations of a particular type of individual and can be useful for helping marketers decide upon store locations and targeting direct mailing. The American Marketing Association (2004) looks at of the spending habits amongst teenagers. From surveys carried out in America its said that increasing amounts of teenagers are trying to look more trendy and fashionable. As a result they are becoming more responsive to marketing and spending more money than ever on clothing. American youths aged 12 – 19 spent $175 billion in 2003 on clothes, which is an increase of $20 from 2000. Marketers have become aware of how impressionable teenagers are. They have reacted by segmenting the youth and marketing directly to them. Shops such as Urban Outfitters target the youth market by watching their choices carefully to set the trends. 4.1 The Life Cycle Stage An individual goes through various stages throughout their life. Each stage of life will affect what the consumer needs and wants, the purchase evaluation process and volumes of expenditure. Consumer behaviour of a single individual will vary greatly for that of an individual who is married with children. For a marketer to successfully target a market it is important to identify the main stages in an individuals life. Lansing, J and Morgan, J (1955) have devised a popular and successful break down of the life cycle of families. Each stage influences consumer behaviour in a different way. The stages are as follows: 1. Bachelor stage; young single people. 2. Newly married couples; young, no children. 3. The full nest 1; young married couple with dependent children. 4. The full nest 2; older married couples with dependent children. 5. The empty nest; older married couples with no children living with them. 6. The solitary survivor; older single people. Mintel (2001) reports that the greatest time of expenditure for a women in the AB social grade is during the bachelor stage. During this period 56% of women spent more than  £500 on clothes in a year. However, during the newly married couples, full nest 1 and full nest 2 periods the percentage of women that spends  £500 a year on clothes decreases to 35%. This percentage increases at the empty nest stage to 46%. (See appendix 3, figure 6) 5.0 Psychological Factors Psychological factors are related to perceptions, motivations, attitudes and personality of a consumer. These are all individual elements that can affect consumer behaviour. Although demographical research and the life cycle stage help to classify and quantify consumers it is necessary to have a broader view, which will help to explain how life patterns influence purchasing decisions. ‘Psychographics are usually based on demographic information as well as ratings of consumers activities, interests and opinions. Williams, K (1981) pg.91 5.1 Lifestyle Variables Lifestyles and patterns have strong influences on consumer behaviour. Figure 7 illustrates the main factors that form a lifestyle. 5.2 Perception and Motivation Perception relates to an individuals interpretation of a product and company. An individual will subconsciously select and organise information presented by a company. As well as direct experience of sensory data, perception is also influenced by learning, attitudes and past experiences. It is important for a marketer to convey good brand awareness. Maslow recognises that people have varying needs and if the need is intense then they are motivated to purchase the goods that will satisfy it. To illustrated this a hierarchy of needs has been created. Lancaster, G, Massingham, L, and Ashford, R (2002) pg. 80. Goldsmiths, R (2002) examines the personal characteristics of frequent buyers. From a survey involving 533 consumers a link was found between that of frequent clothing buyers and similar psychological and motivational traits. The survey concluded that frequent clothing buyers were more likely to buy fashion items and were more susceptible to marketing efforts. 5.3 Personality The subject of personality is a very complicated area. There are many variables that must be taken into account when trying to obtain a comprehensive view of a personality. This makes it difficult for marketers to understand the link personality has with consumer behaviour. Williams, K (1981) pg.133. 6.0 Market Segmentation, Target Marketing and Product Positioning. For a marketer to satisfy customer needs efficiently and lucratively, understanding consumer behaviour is essential. Research into consumer behaviour has allowed the marketer to create target groups of people with common interests, values, beliefs and patterns of behaviour. Once a market segment has been identified, marketers can research the target market more thoroughly and the marketing mix, product, price, promotion and place can be adjusted to ensure the product position is correct. Batista (2004) reports of the clothing manufacturer Benetton who plans to weave radio frequency ID chips into its garments to track its clothes worldwide. Having the ability to track a customer would give the company extremely detailed information on customer buying habits. Benetton would then have a much better understanding of their target market, and be able to manipulate elements of the marketing mix, such as price, product, place and promotion for effectively. The clothing manufacturer Prada already embeds RFID chips into its clothes. 7.0 Conclusion To conclude it is evident that consumer behaviour, in relation to buyer fashion items, is influenced by a huge array of factors. To grasp a more complete and accurate understanding consumer behaviour needs to be examined more thoroughly. This report has identified the basic factors that influence consumer, including: culture, socio-culture, demographical, and psychological variables. Designers and retailers react to such behavioural characteristics by trying to break down and identify what causes them. It is important to investigate whether consumers can be grouped by similar patterns of behaviour. Once a market has been segmented through geographic, demographic, psychological, psychographic and socio-cultural variables the retailer can focus a particular product to a particular type of person. The marketing mix is used to manipulate the product, place, price and promotion. Examples of retailers aiming at different segments of the market include Gucci and TopShop. While Gucci captures a more wealthy, professional and elite market, TopShop aims at a much larger and more varied market. 9.0 References * American Marketing Association (2004). Dictionary of Marketing Terms: reference group. Retrieved 2nd March 2004. http://www.marketingpower.com/live/mg_dictionary-view3860.php.  · American Marketing Association (2004). Whats Hot Whats Not: Teens tastes in fashion change and change often. Teens also spend, and spend†¦. * Retrieved Friday 5th March 2004. http://www.intellisearchnow.com/mp_pwrpub_view.scml?ppa=7iempYZhklooprVSlj%216%3C%22bfej%5B%21 * Batista, E (2004). Wired News: What Your Clothes Say About You. Retrieved 16th Feburary 2004. * http://www.wired.com/news/wireless/0,1382,58006,00.html * Chisnall, P (1975). Marketing: A Behavioural Analysis. 1st edition. McGraw-Hill Book Company (UK) Limited. * Goldsmith, R (2002). Some Personality Traits of Frequent Clothing Buyers. Emerald, journal of consumer marketing, volume 6, number 3. Retrieved Friday 5th March. http://oberon.emeraldinsight.com/vl=3977275/cl=13/nw=1/fm=html/rpsv/cw/mcb/13612026/v6n3/s6/p303 * Lansing, J, and Morgan, J, (1955). Consumer Behaviour: Consumer finances over the life-cycle. 1st Edition. Clark, L.H., New York University Press. * Mintel, (2001). Marketing to ABs – UK – June 2001. Retrieved Saturday 6th March 2004. http://reports.mintel.com/sinatra/mintel/searchexec/fulltext=family+life-cycletype=reportsreport_titleresults=1000proximity=anywherevariants=trueorder=2/report/repcode=S192anchor=accessS192/doc/712626029repcode=S192#0 * Mintel, (2003). Extreme Sports – UK – November 2003. Retrieved Friday 5th March 2004. * http://reports.mintel.com/sinatra/mintel/searchexec/fulltext=sub-culturetype=reportsreport_country=224report_titleresults=1000proximity=anywherevariants=trueorder=2/report/repcode=L439anchor=accessL439 * Moran, C (2004). Fashion Crime: hoodlums love their hooded tops. The Times. * Williams, T (2002). Social Class Influences on Purchase Evaluation Criteria. Emerald, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Volume 19, Number 3. Retrieved Friday 5th March 2004 http://titania.emeraldinsight.com/vl=7203230/cl=70/nw=1/fm=html/rpsv/cw/mcb/07363761/v19n3/s5/p249

Henrik Isbens A Dolls House Essay -- A Dolls House Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A Doll’s House, a play by Henrik Ibsen, tells the story of Nora, the wife of Torvald Helmer, who is an adult living as a child, kept as a doll by her husband. She is expected to be content and happy living in the world Torvald has created for her. By studying the play and comparing and contrasting the versions presented in the video and the live performance, one can analyze the different aspects of it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ibsen’s purpose for writing this piece is to entertain while pointing out an injustice. Through the events of the play, Nora becomes increasingly aware of the confines in which Torvald has placed her. He has made her a doll in her own house, one that is expected to keep happy and busy as a songbird, who acts and does as he deems proper. As a result of this, she is often pointed out to be very simple by the other characters. Her friend Christina calls her â€Å"a mere child,† showing how naà ¯ve she appears to be to the hardships in life. To prove to her friend that she really has achieved something on her own to be proud of, Nora tells Christina of her secret borrowing of money for the trip to Italy that saved Torvald’s life. Everyone believed that Nora had gotten the money from her father, while actually she found someone to borrow the money from and had been paying her debt back. She did so by spending frugally and always saving some of the money Torvald had given her and by doing odd jobs. She explained to Christine, When Torvald gave me money for clothes and so on, I never spent more than half of it; I always bought the simplest things†¦and besides that, I made money in other ways. Last winter†¦I got a heap of copying to do. I shut myself up every evening and wrote far into the night†¦[I]t was splendid to work in that way and earn money. I almost felt as if I was a man. Later, while discussing his illness with her, Dr. Rank actually comments that Nora is â€Å"deeper than†¦[he] thought.† He too looked at her as like a child. The climax of the story comes when Torvald learns of Nora’s forgery and yells angrily at her. He then finds the promissory note, returned by Krogstad, and realizes that no one has anything over his head any longer. During this episode, Nora realizes what has been going on: that she has become Torvald’s â€Å"doll† which plays around his â€Å"doll† house. She points out to him: You have never under... ...le â€Å"lark.† She spends her days shopping and playing with the children. Also, the characters, locales, and scenes are limited. The characters in this play number only eleven: Nora, Torvald, the three Helmer children, Dr. Rank, Christina, Anna, Krogstad, Ellen, and a porter. The live stage production did not even include the children, as they were not essential to the action of the play. There was but one set in the stage production, and few more in the video, and the play has only three acts. Finally, the construction is tight. There are few, if any, loose ends at the conclusion of the play. Nora reveals her true feelings to Torvald in an exciting scene, Christina deals with unresolved situations with Krogstad, and Dr. Rank tells the Helmers good-bye. These all neatly tie together the previous conflicts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is interesting to see how these elements---purpose, point of view, genre, style, motivation, and structure---make up the underlying pieces of the play. Without them, the play becomes little more than a pointless story with which the audience cannot identify. Even with these common pieces, different versions show us different twists on the same play. Henrik Isben's A Doll's House Essay -- A Doll's House Essays   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A Doll’s House, a play by Henrik Ibsen, tells the story of Nora, the wife of Torvald Helmer, who is an adult living as a child, kept as a doll by her husband. She is expected to be content and happy living in the world Torvald has created for her. By studying the play and comparing and contrasting the versions presented in the video and the live performance, one can analyze the different aspects of it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ibsen’s purpose for writing this piece is to entertain while pointing out an injustice. Through the events of the play, Nora becomes increasingly aware of the confines in which Torvald has placed her. He has made her a doll in her own house, one that is expected to keep happy and busy as a songbird, who acts and does as he deems proper. As a result of this, she is often pointed out to be very simple by the other characters. Her friend Christina calls her â€Å"a mere child,† showing how naà ¯ve she appears to be to the hardships in life. To prove to her friend that she really has achieved something on her own to be proud of, Nora tells Christina of her secret borrowing of money for the trip to Italy that saved Torvald’s life. Everyone believed that Nora had gotten the money from her father, while actually she found someone to borrow the money from and had been paying her debt back. She did so by spending frugally and always saving some of the money Torvald had given her and by doing odd jobs. She explained to Christine, When Torvald gave me money for clothes and so on, I never spent more than half of it; I always bought the simplest things†¦and besides that, I made money in other ways. Last winter†¦I got a heap of copying to do. I shut myself up every evening and wrote far into the night†¦[I]t was splendid to work in that way and earn money. I almost felt as if I was a man. Later, while discussing his illness with her, Dr. Rank actually comments that Nora is â€Å"deeper than†¦[he] thought.† He too looked at her as like a child. The climax of the story comes when Torvald learns of Nora’s forgery and yells angrily at her. He then finds the promissory note, returned by Krogstad, and realizes that no one has anything over his head any longer. During this episode, Nora realizes what has been going on: that she has become Torvald’s â€Å"doll† which plays around his â€Å"doll† house. She points out to him: You have never under... ...le â€Å"lark.† She spends her days shopping and playing with the children. Also, the characters, locales, and scenes are limited. The characters in this play number only eleven: Nora, Torvald, the three Helmer children, Dr. Rank, Christina, Anna, Krogstad, Ellen, and a porter. The live stage production did not even include the children, as they were not essential to the action of the play. There was but one set in the stage production, and few more in the video, and the play has only three acts. Finally, the construction is tight. There are few, if any, loose ends at the conclusion of the play. Nora reveals her true feelings to Torvald in an exciting scene, Christina deals with unresolved situations with Krogstad, and Dr. Rank tells the Helmers good-bye. These all neatly tie together the previous conflicts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is interesting to see how these elements---purpose, point of view, genre, style, motivation, and structure---make up the underlying pieces of the play. Without them, the play becomes little more than a pointless story with which the audience cannot identify. Even with these common pieces, different versions show us different twists on the same play.

Biology Investigation

Biology Investigation Aim: to investigate the effects of light and gravity on the growth of sunflower seeds. Background Info: Tropism is directional movement in response to a directional stimulus eg light or gravity. Plants are not able to relocate if they happen to start growing where conditions are nor perfect but they can alter their growth towards more favorable conditions. Plants respond to light (phototropism) where the stems grow towards the light and the roots grow away from the light. They also respond to gravity (geotropism) where the stems grow away from the ground and the roots grow towards the ground.Tropisms are controlled by auxins – a family of hormones that promote (and sometimes inhibit) growth. Sunflower seeds need regular watering in order to provide sufficient nutrients and ensure healthy and efficient growth. Hypothesis: I hypothesise that whatever orientation the seed is placed in, the shoot will always be positively phototropic and the root will always be positively geotropic, due to the basic laws of tropism. Risk Assessment: Hazard| Risk| Precautions/Disposal| Test tube breakage| Glass may cause injury to eyes or skin. | Be cautious when handling test tube; wear safety equipment such as safety glasses and gloves.Place in glass bin. | Puncturing boxes with scissors| Scissors may injure someone if there is an accident. | Assign somebody to hold the box steadily while they are being punctured. | Using forceps| May injure skin. | Hold forceps steady and try to avoid contact with skin. | Equipment: Geotropism * 4x large test tube * 4x filter paper * 4x sunflower seed * 1x test tube rack Phototropism * 1x cardboard box * 4x sunflower seed * 1x pair of scissors * 1x forceps * 4x test tube * 4x filter paper * 1x test tube rack Variables: Geotropism * Independent variable: orientation of sunflower seed Dependant variable: direction of growth of sunflower seed shoot and root * Constant variables: the test tube in which the seeds are kept, the place the test tube rack sits, the orientation of each seed Phototropism * Independent variable: orientation of sunflower seed, place of light source * Dependant variable: direction of growth of sunflower seed shoot and root * Constant variables: the box in which the seeds are kept, the place the box sits, the orientation of each seed, the materials used (filter paper, large test tube, test tube rack) Experimental Control: GeotropismOne of the test tubes was set up with a sunflower seed and the shoot facing up, the natural orientation. Phototropism A cardboard box was set up with hole punctures in the top and sides to allow light to get to the plants from all directions. Method: Geotropism * Collect equipment * Set up 4 large test tubes in a test tube rack and label them A, B, C and D. * Soak the 4 filter papers under water * Roll up one filter paper and place in test tube A, along with the sunflower seed shoot facing up to be the control. * Repeat step 4 but with test tube B, with the sunflower seed shoot facing down. Repeat step 4 but with test tube C, with the sunflower seed shoot facing right. * Repeat step 4 but with test tube D, with the sunflower seed shoot facing left. 1. Place in an area with adequate natural light 2. Water every day for 5 days, taking observations on the direction and length of growth on the seeds. Phototropism 1. Collect equipment 1. Set up 4 large test tubes in a test tube rack 1. Soak the 4 filter papers in water 1. Roll up filter paper and place in test tubes, along with the sunflower seeds with all shoots facing upward. 1. Label 3 cardboard boxes as 1. control, 2. eft, 3. right 1. Puncture 10 holes in both sides and the top of box 1 2. Puncture 10 holes in the left side of box 2 3. Puncture 10 holes in the right side of box3 4. Place a test tube rack in each box 5. Place in an area with adequate natural light 6. Water every day for 5 days, taking observations on the direction and length of growth on the seeds. Discussion Du ring the experiment, it was observed that sunflower seed shoots, regardless of their orientation, will almost always grow towards the light. Likewise, the root of the seeds will almost always grow towards the ground.This trend is due to the auxins in the plant, hormones that promote growth. When a seed is placed sideways, unnaturally, the auxins in the plant stimulate growth in the shoot to still curve upward towards the light, and in the root to curve downward towards the ground. The accuracy of this experiment was sound. The equipment used was the same for all groups and was reasonably suitable to the experiment as it allowed easily observable results, for example the glass test tubes allowed us to watch our seeds grow each day. However, watering the plants was not undertaken every day, affecting the overall accuracy.Having a specific required amount of water to water the plants each day would have been beneficial to the accuracy of the experiment. The reliability of this experime nt was poor. Most observations were not consistent. In many geotropism experiments, there were shoots that did not curve all the way down to the ground. This could have been due to the limited space they had between the glass of the test tube and the filter paper. The validity of this experiment was also poor. The constant variables were not very well controlled; the place in which the apparatus was set up changed, which meant different environmental conditions for the plants.The weather also changed every day, especially on Saturday when it was 41 degrees. This would have had an impact on the growth of the plants, and a burnt filter paper was observed, which could have been a result of the hot weather. The significant rise in temperature should have been predicted prior to the end of the school week so a more controlled environment could be created for the plants to have a consistent area to thrive in. To improve the accuracy and reliability of this experiment, a clearer and more s pecific method should be undertaken and a better set up of apparatus should be hought up to give the seeds more room to grow. However, the aim of investigating the effects of light and gravity on the growth of sunflower seeds was answered. This experiment is beneficial to society as it may assist gardeners, florists, other biologists etc in growing plants efficiently. Conclusion: Based on observations, our hypothesis of the shoot always being positively phototropic and the root being positively geotropic was supported, bringing us to the conclusion that light and gravity have a major impact on the growth of sunflower seeds no matter what the orientation.This is controlled by the auxins that respond to the light and gravity, promoting growth in the shoot of the seed to grow toward the light, and the root of the seed to grow toward the ground. Bibliography: Kimball, J W 2011,  Tropisms, viewed 27 November, 2012,  . Unknown, 2001,  Plant Hormones, viewed 27 November, 2012,  Ã‚  >.